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====== Better SSH experience ======

This page contains some suggestions on how to improve your SSH experience.

===== The ssh config file =====

You user own configuration file is located in your home folder at the path

  ~/.ssh/config
  
In some cases this file does not exist, you can create it for example by issuing <code:bash>touch ~/.ssh/config</code>

This file is very useful to create ssh shortcuts to servers and add specific options for each server. In what follows I show some examples of how this can be used. You can edit the file with any text editor of your choice, it's a simple text file.

===== Prevent broken pipe when not using the client =====

Sometimes you're connected to a server but you are not interacting with the ssh client because you have other things to do. In many cases the server will disconnect you if it doesn't see any activity (in jargon, you're //idle//)

To prevent such disconnection add to your ''~/.ssh/config'' the following:
<code bash>
Host *
  ServerAliveInterval 30
</code>

you may tweak that number to be less aggressive eventually. Typical intervals are 60, 90, 120.

This should be done on the machine where you launch the ''ssh'' command, to keep that machine in contact with the server.

===== Speedup connection using tunneling =====

One can speedup logging in by configuring her/his own ssh client. This will also help in scp-ing data to the cluster.

The configuration example below shows how you can access a machine through another machine with a single ssh command. The scenario is as follows:

   User  --->  machine hostA.matfys.lth.se  ---->  machine hostB.matfys.lth.se ----> machine hostC.matfys.lth.se

And you want to use one single command to login to B or C.

<code:bash>
# access hostA.matfys.lth.se
Host hostA
HostName hostA.matfys.lth.se
User <username on hostA.matfys.lth.se>
# this line below is equivalent to ssh -X hostA.matfys.lth.se
ForwardX11 yes  

# directly access hostB.matfys.lth.se
Host hostB
User <Username on hostA.matfys.lth.se>
ForwardX11 yes
# Use this command if A uses Openssh server version < 5.4.
# It requires the program netcat (nc) to be installed on the
# hostA.matfys.lth.se machine.
ProxyCommand ssh -q hostA.matfys.lth.se nc hostB.matfys.lth.se 22

# directly access hostC.matfys.lth.se
Host hostC
User <Username on hostC.matfys.lth.se>
ForwardX11 yes
# Use this command if hostB.matfys.lth.se uses Openssh server version >= 5.4,
# that has native support for tunnelling ssh connections.
ProxyCommand ssh -q hostB.matfys.lth.se -W hostC.matfys.lth.se:22
</code>

**Example:** My user is //florido//. In the template above, I would change all the <Username …> to //florido//.

then to login to ''hostB.matfys.lth.se'' I will do:

  ssh hostB

And I will have to input 2 passwords: one for ''hostA.matfys.lth.se'', one for ''hostB.matfys.lth.se''.

In general you will have to input as many passwords as the number of hops. To overcome this problem, use a [[#Reduce passwords using a private/public ssh key pair|private/public ssh keypair]] technique described below.

===== Reduce passwords using a private/public ssh key pair =====

 If you plan to use this, read the following:

:!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!:

| DO **NOT** USE **PASSWORDLESS** KEYS. THESE ARE A SECURITY THREAT FOR THE EVERYONE USING SERVERS!!! |

:!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!::!:

I will give you a set of quick steps how to setup ssh keys. But it is important that one understands the concepts behind, so please read the sections below.

==== What is SSH PKI ====

SSH key pair is a form of PKI, Public Key Infrastructure((PKI overview, https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cryptography/public_key_infrastructure.htm)). In this technology every user or machine has a pair of keys:
  * A **Public** key that can be shared with everyone and copied on servers
  * A **Private** key that should be kept secure at all times and only readable by your user

=== Host keypairs ===

The machine or host keys are usually stored in the ''/etc/ssh/'' system folder, and they are generated at installation time by the OpenSSH scripts. They are of different kinds as they support different encryption schemas,
their names being like ssh_host_<schema> (private) and ssh_host_<schema>.pub (public).
In the example below, note how the private key is readable and writable ONLY by root while all the ''.pub'' ones are readable by everyone (but not writable!)

<code:bash>ls -ltrah /etc/ssh/ssh_host*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  393 mar 30  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
-rw------- 1 root root 1,7K mar 30  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  601 mar 30  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
-rw------- 1 root root  672 mar 30  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  173 mar 30  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
-rw------- 1 root root  227 mar 30  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   93 mar 30  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
-rw------- 1 root root  399 mar 30  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  651 maj 10  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
-rw------- 1 root root  986 maj 10  2016 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
</code>

Every ssh pki key has a **fingerprint**, that is, a unique way to identify that key. You can check your machine unique fingerprint by using the ''ssh-keygen'' script provided by OpenSSH:
<code:bash>tjatte:~> ssh-keygen -lf /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
ssh-keygen: /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key: Permission denied
tjatte:~> ssh-keygen -lf /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub 
2048 7a:21:c6:ee:4c:a1:a0:0e:4d:72:71:e9:3d:2f:b6:d7  root@tjatte.hep.lu.se (RSA1)
</code>

==== What happens when connecting to a server ====

Every time a user connects to a server, the server presents its key fingerprint and the user is requested to acknowledge he/she/ze is aware of trusting that fingerprint. The sysadmin has a list of trustworthy fingerprints, so if you're unsure, ask me!

When a fingerprint is accepted, it is stored in the user's home folder inside the file ''~/.ssh/known_hosts'' in encrypted form:
<code:bash> head ~/.ssh/known_hosts
|1|MPQKqI2ylQAvJh/w7R3iXekDlv8=|aGwTSWRlJL4O3olYfRmzato1h3o= ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQCm0y1t5RLpgUZ16Et8To6lKkh6AyTaCBQyQQ2Z/ASLpr6qTYWIX9Ebx3ZYr7kgUUsikJzuPe8CFHflpNnIAFhVdih1j9y4RJXRi4vo/3SlmT59jq6I6OqG5qcnhys6gFx21Yd8dLiKCgAyWw296gzTsBJDTIp8Myfz0MCPIEO+qWeSOcWq/6wm6iWnTGnfBkJyGnwqZooqO2XgVF3gYbVonES7MB6nTADVSUIAZ8P1TZ2V8vJbXkogUkHD8kv1wt4N/O7yFEtYySsoXLZlb7zFQyw/REVaW1Jn1RVtg76KMhvxBwlgM0J9bbUjcok5E/kIVvu5oDijmMahKBpiOUrB
|1|/vDgSpeBUKtJVgcul94pqe5nWyE=|1eF4hBt+gSqT1mf+X7psKVdWeWQ= ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQCm0y1t5RLpgUZ16Et8To6lKkh6AyTaCBQyQQ2Z/ASLpr6qTYWIX9Ebx3ZYr7kgUUsikJzuPe8CFHflpNnIAFhVdih1j9y4RJXRi4vo/3SlmT59jq6I6OqG5qcnhys6gFx21Yd8dLiKCgAyWw296gzTsBJDTIp8Myfz0MCPIEO+qWeSOcWq/6wm6iWnTGnfBkJyGnwqZooqO2XgVF3gYbVonES7MB6nTADVSUIAZ8P1TZ2V8vJbXkogUkHD8kv1wt4N/O7yFEtYySsoXLZlb7zFQyw/REVaW1Jn1RVtg76KMhvxBwlgM0J9bbUjcok5E/kIVvu5oDijmMahKBpiOUrB
</code>

As you can see the above is not human readable. But if you want to know if you've trusted a machine, you can do for example ((Extract fingerprints from known_hosts, https://superuser.com/questions/529132/how-do-i-extract-fingerprints-from-ssh-known-hosts)):
<code:bash>ssh-keygen -lf ~/.ssh/known_hosts -F watto
# Host watto found: line 274 type RSA
2048 2f:21:6b:19:fc:fc:9d:62:8f:88:c2:2b:c4:d6:0c:70 |1|vyeQU5q0QfKZzq9/helQLGGK9s4=|ZN50r7hlYRTlCeSEXzzz+80XZKw= (RSA)
</code>

==== User keypairs ====

These user keys are usually stored in the user's ''~/.ssh/'' folder, the default names are ''id_rsa'' (private) and ''id_rsa.pub'' (public). But one can choose any location and any name.

A user key can have a password or not. :!: **It is strongly discouraged to use passwordless keys. Should your private key get stolen, this will generate an enormous security breach.** :!:

The password is used to "unlock" the key, that is, to allow the ssh client (more precisely, the ssh-agent )to use it to connect on the user's behalf.

==== Using user ssh key pair to login ====

In order for the user key to work, the machine where one has to login needs to trust that key.

The overall mechanism is as follows. A user willing to connect to a server has to
  - Copy his/her/hir **public** key to that server
  - Instruct the server that such key is trustworthy by modifying the ''~/.ssh/authorized_keys'' file
  - run an ''ssh-agent'' on his/her/hir local machine that will take care of authenticating the user to the server when logging in. Usually this is automatically started by the ssh client if the user is using PKI.

OpenSSH on linux provides a set of scripts for managing keys:
  * ''ssh-keygen'': does key management
  * ''ssh-copy-id'' : copies a key to a server and updates the //authorized_keys// automatically
  * ''ssh-agent'' : takes care of remembering which key as been used for which host, remembers key password

==== SSH key pair quick setup ====

We will generate a public/private key pair called //myid_rsa// and //myid_rsa.pub// and copy it to a machine called ''watto.matfys.lth.se'' in order to login to it.

  - Generate a private/public keypair **with password** and strong encryption((NIST complexity recommendations, http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-57Pt3r1.pdf)): Command: <code:bash> ssh-keygen -b 4096 -f ~/.ssh/myid_rsa</code>Result:<code:bash>
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /nfs/users/floridop/.ssh/myid_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /nfs/users/floridop/.ssh/myid_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
2d:1d:94:b9:71:35:59:f8:79:26:92:b5:a3:f5:d4:e3 pflorido@tjatte.hep.lu.se
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 4096]----+
|          .o .o+.|
|         .+ . +. |
|          .+ o oo|
|         o..o =o*|
|        S o  +.*o|
|         .  .  E.|
|                 |
|                 |
|                 |
+-----------------+
</code>
  - Make sure the permissions are correct: Commands:<code:bash>chmod 600 ~/.ssh/myid_rsa; chmod 644  ~/.ssh/myid_rsa.pub; ls -ltrah ~/.ssh/myid_rsa*</code>Result:<code:bash>
-rw------- 1 pflorido hep 3,3K maj  3 13:59 /nfs/users/floridop/.ssh/myid_rsa
-rw-r--r-- 1 pflorido hep  751 maj  3 13:59 /nfs/users/floridop/.ssh/myid_rsa.pub
</code>
  - Copy the key to the target server, say watto: Command:<code:bash>ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/myid_rsa.pub pflorido@watto.matfys.lth.se</code>Result:<code:bash>
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'pflorido@watto.matfys.lth.se'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
</code>
  - Add the key to the agent keyring:Command:<code:bash>ssh-add ~/.ssh/myid_rsa</code>Result:<code:bash>
Enter passphrase for /nfs/users/floridop/.ssh/myid_rsa: 
Identity added: /nfs/users/floridop/.ssh/myid_rsa (/nfs/users/floridop/.ssh/myid_rsa)
</code>
  - Try to login to the server **using the identity created**: Command:<code:bash>ssh -i ~/.ssh/myid_rsa.pub pflorido@watto.matfys.lth.se</code>

For every entry in your config you will need to run ssh-copy-id if you want to use ssh keys on that entry. This will copy the key to the target machine (for example beast)

You can now create entries in your ''~/.ssh/config'' file to use tunnelling as described in [[#Speedup connection using tunneling]], and the agent should automatically forward your keys.


===== Debugging SSH problems and useful commands =====

The best to debug is to enable ssh verbose mode:

<code:bash>ssh -vv pflorido@watto.matfys.lth.se</code>

==== See which keys are tried by the agent ====

<code:bash>ssh-add -l</code>

==== Delete a key from the agent keyring ====

<code:bash>ssh-add -d ~/.ssh/myid_rsa</code>

==== Check if the agent is running ====

<code:bash>ps aux | grep ssh-agent</code>

==== Remove an offending key from known_hosts ====

<code:bash>ssh-keygen -R <hostname></code>

==== Remove an offending key from known_hosts ====

<code:bash>ssh-keygen -R <hostname or IP></code>
====== References ======

  * Arch linux SSH PKI tutorial, https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSH_Keys
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